5-GHz working frequency, a-18,573-dB return loss, a 144. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculators help determine the length and width of rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas. Uda Yagi Antenna dimension calculator Back to Antenna calculator overview. This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate and its. Then, a metal strip in the form of a sign (+) is added within the four segments connecting the antenna feeding line to this strip []. Using the above rule strictly, termination would be appropriate whenever the signal rise time is less than approximately 500 ps. A simple tool to calculate parameters for an edge fed/inset fed/probe fed patch antenna or microstrip antenna. The microstrip antenna is a convenient, planar, easy-to-fabricate antenna with some attractive attributes and features, as well as. rect_patch_tl. The substrate parameters (ε r. Figure 1a shows configuration of microstrip antenna with S coupled metamaterial superstrate. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. , the patch is treated as a wide piece of a microstrip line. Metal loss is reduced by thicker substrates, and is almost inversely proportional. d = Trace Separation. There are number of techniques to match the antenna to 50 Ohm end feed line. 0 mm. For the microstrip antenna, the x-y plane (θ=90 , 0 T ≤ ≤ 90 and 270 ≤ ≤ 360 ) is the principal E-plane. The designed antenna can be used in small handheld. Going Forward with a Trace Impedance Calculator. 45 * λ 20, 0. Calculate the. Dear Prof. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. 5 mm, respectively. Equation 11. When playing, some cookies are set and your privacy is futschikato. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. 6 mm. Consider the microstrip antenna shown in Figure 1, fed by a microstrip transmission line. Inputs Dielectric ConstantVelocity. 1. 0×4. If VSWR is known, then the reflection coefficient (Γ), return loss (RL), and mismatch loss (ML) is calculated by using following formulas. Since a microstrip patch antenna works only on one resonant frequency so. The designed antenna is realized using microstrip line feed on a 1. 1 Design of circular microstrip antenna The geometry of circular microstrip antenna is shown fig. I'm trying to design a tunable microstrip combline filter with its initial f0 at 2. May 18, 2020 By Bill Schweber. R w = Terminating resistance between two. This calculator is designed to calculate the inductance of a microstrip given its dimensions (width, length and the distance of. This makes Wheeler’s equations discontinuous and brings their accuracy into question when the microstrip width is similar to the height of the microstrip above the conducting plane. Wi-Fi/3G/4G Disk-Yagi antenna, analysis and calculation. These methods can be classified into two categories- contacting and non-contacting. Dipole Antenna Calculator. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Description of the original designs. e. 45 - empirical coefficient mainly for open end effect. 1 Introduction Applications that require low-profile, light weight, easily manufactured, inexpensive, conformable antennas often use some form of a microstrip radiator. 15:47:05. [3]The patch can come in many formats, but the most familiar are square and circular, because of the analytical, gin-like, attractive radiation properties, especially the shallow cross-polarity. The tool calculates the antenna dimensions and probe position that generate both circular polarization and the user-defined input impedance. Patch Antenna Calculator. How is monopole antenna length calculated? The length of a monopole antenna is calculated using the formula for a quarter-wavelength antenna: Antenna Length (in meters) = Speed of Light (m/s) / Frequency (Hz) / 4. Antenna PARAMETERS AJAL A J. The proposed design of single patch antenna element is shown. Radar Calculators. The fringing field has an important effect on the accurate theoretical modeling and performance analysis of microstrip patch antennas. Figure 6. . 3 Answers. Microstrip line LINKSThe patch antenna calculator linkMicrostrip line calculator linksubstrate. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. Note 688) Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (Rothammel/DL6WU) Filter Designer (Audio, AF) Lowpass Filters. Noise Figure Calculator Calculate noise figure, gain, and noise temperature for a N-Stage cascade device. Rectangle to create the stepped microstrip line. The Skin depth is the depth from the conductor surface at which the current density decreases to 1/e (= 0. The wire diameter affects the shortening factor of both the quarter-wave vertical monopole and the counterpoises in the same way as in the case of a half-wave dipole. The formulas developed in Section 3. 1 Introduction. Therefore doubling the thickness cuts the metal loss in half, but does nothing to loss tangent loss. 6mm thick. 0 mm. In this study the antenna was fed with a microstrip line. 48 mm (0. You can use this transmission line to connect two PCB components or to create components such as filters, couplers, and feeding elements of various types of antennas. Solution freq. Pasternack's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. By using such a short length of microstrip line, fundamental. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. areas of microstrip patch antennas are security and defense systems. Microwave antennas and couplers, as well as some filters, can be created using the microstrip. Data safety. pip install pyqt5 Run Script. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator; PCB Loop Antenna Calculator; Wokatenna Design; Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (NBS Tech. On-line directional antenna designer. Fairview Microwave's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. IfHelical Antenna Design Calculator. pAI = design (patchMicrostripInsetfed,4. Provide values for H, T, W and the relative permittivity of the dielectric and click the button corresponding to unknown parameter Z o to calculate its value. Patch antenna with Slits and Slots With the help of slot size of microstrip patch antenna is reduced as shown in Figure 7 [17]. The first layer is about. in which the radiating element is a rectangular conductor attached directly to a microstrip feed line. director, dipole and reflector. Antenna presentation PPT Sachin Kadam. , is typically one-third to one-half wavelength long, depending on the substrate relative dielectric constant, which is commonly 2. 0×25. For Seeed you can. 3K views•47 slides. This example uses a Yagi-Uda antenna with the same dimensions as given in . A microwave brain imaging system model is envisaged to detect and visualize tumor inside the human brain. The patch is very thin (t<<λ o where λ Dipole Antenna Calculator. 1 - 14. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width (S):. A microstrip asymmetric folded dipole antenna on chip is proposed in this paper. Hits: 6158. Useful converters and calculators. Optimize your technology investment with unmatched performance running Red Hat Enterprise Linux on Azure. The microstrip line is a commonly used transmission line configuration in high-frequency and microwave engineering. Antenna Basics Md Mustafizur Rahman. 2 as a function of the width and height of the section of the waveguide as well as the permittivity. 56 mm and width is 17. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. The microstrip antenna can be used on the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The shape of the radiating patch exerts influence greatly on the performance of the microstrip patch. 8 GHz. Universal 3G/4G/Wi-Fi MIMO feed for. 2 GHz. Generally, it. RF Calculators. By using different shape of slot the gain of microstrip patch antenna can also be improved and antenna straucture can be made more compact. 4GHz Substrate- FR4 Epoxy With reference to the fig, I need the value of W and the feed lengthAlthough the microstrip antenna has been extensively studied in the past few decades as one of the standard planar antennas, it still has a huge potential for further developments. This repository contains the coursework for "Antenna Theory and Design for Wireless Communications". 12. First the model of the microstrip patch antenna has to be drawn in HFSS. 5 GHz and calculate its resonant frequency. The overall antenna size is 78 mm × 78 mm × 1. Horn Antenna 2 Chapter Two: Microstrip Antenna 16 2. 45GHz. It is possible to match the patch antenna from below 30Ω to above 200Ω. S. 1< W/H < 3. In this antenna, one corner of the patch (or sometimes one edge) is grounded with a ground pin. The standard rectangular microstrip patch is a narrowband antenna and provides 6-8 dBi Gain with linear polarization. 4, loss kept 0. 3. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily. D = Antenna dimensions (Can be the length or diameter of the antenna) f = Signal Frequency. 6mm thick. However, the conventional microstrip antennas inherently suffer as having insufficient gain (8–9 dB), narrow bandwidth (<4%),. Microstrip antennas do largely broadside radiators. The antenna is designed using HFSS tool to determine its dimensions. See full list on allaboutcircuits. Noise Figure Calculator Calculate noise figure, gain, and noise temperature for a N-Stage cascade device. El diseño de antenas microstrip es compacto, de poco peso y de bajo costo, la elección del material es primordial. 2- Microstrip Antenna Feed Techniques Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. Microstrip_Patch_Antenna_Calculator. The Square patch feed by 50 coaxial probe is positioned 1. It consists of three elements viz. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. Created: 16 October 2022. 1 – 5 Decreasing σ will decrease the boom length L. 2uS, And the wavelength (λ) = C/f = 3*10^8 / 50*10^6 = 6m Where, C is the speed of light. Khidhir et. Then you need to calculate patch sizes, you can do it by hand with formulas given in references below or. Equation 11. This is achieved by designing a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) for. The resonant frequency (rf) of a circular patch antenna is approximately given without considering the effect of probe radius by [1]: e r nm r a K c f 2S H * (1. The Square patch feed by 50 coaxial probe is positioned 1. II. 0×4. 10 Overview of Microstrip. com in 2 categories. Here's a tip on an easy way to calculate the radius of a circular patch antenna from a rectangle patch antenna, from Dan: Lately I've been working on a dual band dual polarized AESA for a mobile weather radar for those guys who like to chase tornadoes. Dielectric Thickness: mm. The design is a microstrip. 06/11/2010: Apple Claims Iphone 4 Has Novel Antenna Design added. Formula for Differential Microstrip Impedance Calculator (Using Zo) Where, Z d = Differential Impedance. The javascript starts with the minimum value of τ = 0. Batwing antenna - super wideband bat wings for 3G/4G. A Brief Tutorial on Microstrip Antennas (Part 1) Download this article in PDF format. A new design procedure based on the odd-even mode method to calculate the input impedance of an asymmetric strip folded dipole antenna is presented. This paper presents a high-band microstrip antenna of dimension (5 × 5 × 1) mm 3 for 5G wireless mobile communications ranging up to 40–45 GHz. The microstrip antenna, Part 2: Implementation. The feed strip is on the bottom-most layer (thin, long rectangle in Fig. This dipole antenna calculator determines the size of a simple dipole antenna for a given frequency and the dipole wire diameter. Planar Inverted F-Antenna (PIFA) The Planar Inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is increasingly used in the mobile phone market. Bessel Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave; Butterworth Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave;Hi, Could anyone give the formula to calculate the feed width and length of an inset fed microstrip patch antenna? The design is being done using HFSS software. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator; PCB Loop Antenna Calculator; Wokatenna Design; Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (NBS Tech. Another critical parameter is the feed point. However, microstrips cannot handle power levels as high as waveguides can. 2 Coaxial Feed (Coplanar Feed) 2. We use an interpolation approach. sales@minicircuits. - MicroStrip Calculator - Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator - Resonant Frequency Calculator - Skin Depth Calculator. 43. A Design Procedure for a Circular Polarized, Nearly Square Patch Antenna. The microstrip antenna is a convenient, planar, easy-to-fabricate antenna with some attractive attributes and features, as well as some distinct limitations. Thickness: Thickness of the microstrip conductor. A microstrip antenna array for a satellite television receiver. This can. 946 for silver, or 1. For Eurocircuit these information are given in the price calculator interface. Depending on the relative locations between transceiver elements, RF power amplifiers, and the antenna or emitter, a via structure or a waveguide structure may be needed to route the signal. Note that the "h", for dielectric thickness in this formula is omitted in some other Polar publications. Pasternack's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. In this course, we detail microstrip patch antenna array creation as a method of design. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. The microstrip impedance represents the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line, which is the uniform impedance provided by the uniform cross-sectional dimensions along the microstrip (flat copper conductor) length; to prevent signal reflection. Height: Height of the substrate. In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). Use the above equation to calculate the x-coordinate for the probe location. 2. Example, If Z 0 = 55 Ω, d = 6 mils and h = 4. A microstrip antenna is simulated in CST software. Design of an antenna. 60mm. 7% and 12%, respectively, with a gain of 3. Compared with metal waveguides, it is small in size, light in weight, bandwidth in use, high in reliability and low. php 5858 Bytes 31-05-2023 10:13:36. εδ ε α ε ελ − =⋅⋅ ⋅ − (4) b) Copper loss (in dB per unit. The microstrip antennas can be excited either by coaxial probe or by a microstrip line. 3 Easy to analyze using transmission line or cavity models Most common type of patch or microstrip antenna Transmission line model The rectangular microstrip antenna is represented as. 2 Low Impedance; The formulas developed in Section 4. Use the patchMicrostripTriangular object to create a triangular microstrip patch antenna. For this purpose, in this. 257, Evaluation of Zin has been explained in detail in a lucid way. An X-band, 12-element array of rectangular microstrip patches was demonstrated for the first time to reflect the main. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. This document covers the theory, design steps, simulation and verification of various types of power dividers, such as Wilkinson, T-junction, and branch-line. For fixed line impedance on microstrip (such as fifty ohms), dielectric loss is almost constant for any thickness substrate. The surface roughness of the conductor. Patch antenna online calculator. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. 1,441. 6mm×5. 8 dBi, and 6. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Because they are not enclosed, these PCB microstrips have a lower power handling capability and higher loss, thus allowing you to calculate a microstrip’s height and. More complex vari-ations on the basic shapes are frequently used to meet particular design demands and in terms of polarization,Create Matching Circuit for Vivaldi Antenna. A simple method was used to design a microstrip flat reflect-array antenna. Antenna Toolbox uses the Method of Moments to compute impedance, far field radiation pattern and other properties of the antenna. Three different solutions are presented with five, seven, and nine elements, reaching about 25%, 30%, and 44% of bandwidth, achieving ultra-wideband behavior, efficient and with a. This can be achieved by regulating the inner and outer diameter of the coaxial cable, along with the. This design approach helps analyzer microstrip inset-fed patch antennas and helps to locate the exact inset length for 50-? input impedance. VSWR Calculator Calculate voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and return loss for mismatched circuit. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. 3. The first layer is about 9. Library and Installation Install library PyQt5. It mentions Bowtie Antenna Calculator and mentions formula or equations used for Bowtie antenna calculations. They are mostly used at. A-INFO's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. 70x 38. This work presents the parameter design, simulation, and output testing of a microstrip patch antenna that can harvest energy from the Wi-Fi with the resonance. -. Diagram of the feed structure of a microstrip antenna array. 4 GHz operation on a substrate with 2. antenna. The computations of the antenna and its substrate, electrical and physical parameters are calculated by using microstrip line and patch calculator. E. f f. php 9309 Bytes 31-05-2023 08:10:04. In this paper, an inset feed rectangular microstrip patch antenna has been designed and simulated at the frequency of 3GHz and the dependency of antenna performance parameters like return loss, VSWR and other antenna parameters have been successfully studied with the variation of the notch gap using CST microwave studio. One is exploring the variety of microstrip. I'm. To help you run through the above integral, you can download a microstrip trace taper calculator worksheet for use in Excel. INTRODUCTION Microstrip antennas basically consist of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, which has a ground plane on the other side. Microstrip Calculators. 05/25/2007: Printed Dipole Antenna using. This antenna patch calculator can simplify the calculation of antenna dimensions for rectangular, circular and triangular shapes. The patchMicrostrip object is a microstrip patch antenna. The microstrip antenna, Part 2: Implementation. Each student was assigned a unique frequency, 2. 3 enable the electrical characteristics to be determined given the material properties and the physical dimensions of a microstrip line. Radius of circular patch has an important role in the designing of circular micro strip antenna (CSMA). 0 ()1 tan 27. For this plane, the expressions for the radiated fields is given by 0 0 00 0 0 sin cos 2 cos sin 2 cos 2 jk r t eff kh k hWV e kL Ej r kh (7) The principal H-plane of the microstrip antenna is theHere you can find some references for microstrip patch antenna design. Use this tool to determine the the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. If a solution could be found, τ is increased as long as the length of the boom is shorter than your design goal and as long as τ is smaller than the maximum value of τ = 0. With the truncated corners, the array as multiple frequencies with S11 less than or. Hugo Pienaar. Calculate the edge input impedance for the antenna. The features, advantages, limitations and the different types of feeding techniques are also discussed. The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. With package sizes from 15. That means on ten mil (254 micron) alumina, the width for fifty ohm microstrip will be about 9. Waveguide calculator. Download Andy's analyses on the Adams' resistive splitter Rho: Conductor resistivity relative to copper. The effective dielectric constant drives the length of the taper, this effect was not. Use our microstrip patch antenna calculator; Patch antennas can also be circular or elliptical for a given operating frequency. Microwave antennas and couplers, as well as some filters, can be created using the microstrip. 5000e+09 Tunable. For our design, the Dk is 3. 3 GHz with the desired parameters return. Note 688) Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (Rothammel/DL6WU) Filter Designer (Audio, AF) Lowpass Filters. One possibility is that the web site did not set up the formula right so you could try that. Patch antennas are low cost, have a low profile and are easily fabricated. The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. Find Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator at CalcTown. . The patched antennas with slots and slits is. a (Waveguide width): :This page mentions calculator for NFC antenna of rectangular shape. +62 31 8914627 / Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator. 6mm×5. 7-2. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. 2 Overview of Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. An antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave in free space. Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W) -. They obtained a high gain as 11. A microstrip patch antenna calculator. When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . coupled microstrip antenna was fabricated and tested by a graduate student, Allen Buck, on August 1, 1984, in the University of Massachusetts Antenna Lab. Advantages of Patch Antennas The unique property of the microstrip patch antenna is its two-dimensional structure. This antenna resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The antenna patch is divided into four smaller self-similar segments as shown in Figure 3(a), with a scaling ratio of 1/3. Types of Patch Antennas 2. In this paper, patch antenna with inset feed configuration is designed which works at 10GHz frequency mainly for X-band communication. This helps in transfer of energy from transmitter module to antenna. 4) Microstrip patch width : The width of the antenn- a affects the resonantImpedance matching Calculation of the patch Results Viewing Usages of some advanced features Use this website to calculate the dimensions of the patch. Synthesis and analysis problem for microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip is a single trace on the top layer, with no ground close to it on the same layer. 63 λ0 × 0. Microstrip Calculators Radar Calculators RF Calculators VSWR, Return Loss and Reflection Coefficient Calculators Waveguide Calculators Get the App All Conversion. The length of a half-wavelength dipole can be calculated by the given formula: L =. Method of Moments (MoM) method. e. 52 from 46 votes. The radiation pattern of microstrip or patch antenna is broad. 6 mm. The construction of balun feed line is adopted to provide wideband. The length of the exciter is 139. Diagram of the feed structure of a microstrip antenna array. The proposed design is created with the substrate with FR4 epoxy under dielectric constant 𝜀𝑟=4. 732 dB, which is better than a single patch. The high working frequency allows minimization of the sensor dimension. Microstrip Antenna Circular polarization can be obtained if two orthogonal modes with equal amplitudes are excited with a 90º time-phase difference. The circular shaped microstrip antenna is designed to resonate at 10 frequency bands from 3. The microstrip antenna patch should be an extremely thin conductive region. 42MHz and 1598-1606MHz. Silva. 0012 λ0). Your valuable opinion : Avg. Three-element vector of Cartesian coordinates in meters. To use the calculator, enter the desired operating frequency in megahertz to get a starting length in both feet and meters for building a quarter-wave vertical antenna . measured and compared to the bandwidth result of triangle patch microstrip antenna which utilized the coaxial feeding technique. Though, fringing fields effects on the performance of antenna. Without truncated corners, the array has a single resonant frequency at 2. 5 GHz and calculate its resonant frequency. Note that antennas are very rarely constructed according to the calculated theoretical dimensions and are always tuned to the lowest standing wave ratio. Pick out a standard part number from the data. Calculate the edge input impedance for the antenna. Superstrate Microstrip antenna with square patch (5. For 25 ohms, we calculate 31 mils line width and 7. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) are required. These radio frequency calculators help with unit conversion, attenuator design, antenna design, radars, and various other basic calculators. This web page allows you to calculate the width and length of a microstrip line for a given impedance, electrical length, or vice versa. h = Dielectric Thickness. Compared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. About Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator The resource is currently listed in dxzone. November 2023 ∴ Live And Learn. 4, with a thickness of h=1. Munson, “Conformal Microstrip Antennas and Microstrip Phased Arrays,” IEEE Trans. As noted above, curved implementa-tions can be made to conform to aircraft hulls. Attenuator Calculators. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculators help determine the length and width of rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas. The formula used to calculate inductance of NFC rectangular antenna calculator are also mentioned. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. It is a kind of internal antenna. 5 mils (241 microns). Learn how to design microstrip and CPW power dividers using Keysight EEsof EDA tools in this technical overview. I got the equations from an article by Professor Ben Horwath at Santa Clara U (titled Microstrip Patch Antenna. 12 ANNs have been applied for the development of an inset-fed. Problem Definition 2. If a solution could be found, τ is increased as long as the length of the boom is shorter than your design goal and as long as τ is smaller than the maximum value of τ = 0. This calculator uses microstrip line for RF and microwave designs and covers mobile phone. 035 mm) h is the Thickness of dielectric. 38 GHz. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. Starting from the general expression for the quality factor of a. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. 5. Microstrip Antenna Calculator. Calculate patch length and width for microstrip patch antenna using microstrip dielectric, height and frequency. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Microstrip antennas exhibit attractive features for high frequency wireless applications including compact size, low profile, low cost, and compatibility with on-chip and in package devices []. with permittivity 2. 0×4. The links to other antenna calculators are also mentioned. 1. 45 GHz. This circular patch is fed by microstrip line and RT Duroid 5870 is used with the specified information include the. 5. Electrical Length of Antenna. Since they are just patterns of metallization on a substrate, the microstrip device is far cheaper than the traditional waveguide, as well as being more compact and lighter. INTRODUCTION Microstrip antennas basically consist of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, which has a ground plane on the other side. For this plane, the expressions for the radiated fields is given by 0 0 00 0 0 sin cos 2 cos sin 2 cos 2 jk r t eff kh k hWV e kL Ej r kh (7) The principal H-plane of the microstrip antenna is the Here you can find some references for microstrip patch antenna design.